What this is: When do you need to legalise and authenticate documents? This process is critical when you need to use documents originating in one country for commercial purposes in another. This could be anything from corporate documents to commercial invoices and power of attorney or export-related documents.
What this means: In order for these documents to be fit for use abroad, their authenticity and origin need to be verified.
In our previous article, 'Document Authentication and Legalisation in the US: Step-by-Step Guide' , we took a close look at documents originating in the US. This included diving into the specific steps and requirements for publicly issued state or local documents, non-publicly filed documents and publicly issued federal agency documents.
In this article, we’ll dive into the verification process for documents originating in and outside of the UK. In addition, we’ll explain some of the complexities involved with British overseas territories, Crown dependencies, GCC (Gulf Cooperation Council) countries as well as how to handle document authentication with Hague Apostille Convention members and non-members. Read on for more.
Documents Originating in the UK: The Hague Apostille Convention
The Hague Convention Abolishing the Requirement of Legalisation for Foreign Public Documents — also known as the Apostille Convention or Apostille Treaty — is an agreement between member-countries allowing the recognition of apostilles without the need for further involvement or authentication from relevant embassies. Republic of China and Canada have recently joined the Hague Convention, thereby making the legalisation process simpler for documents originating or destined to these countries.
Unless granted by a government authority (i.e. Companies House), any commercial document issued in the UK needs to first be notarised. This is to verify the signatory of the document.
Once this is complete, the certified or notarised document is sent to the Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office (FCDO) in London to be validated — this is the authority in the UK which issues apostilles for documents. Once the apostille is complete, the commercial document can be used in its destination country, as long as it’s also a Hague Apostille Convention member.
What happens when the destination country isn't part of the Hague Apostille Convention?
If a document originates in the UK and needs to be used in a country outside of the Hague Apostille Convention, once the apostille is issued by the FCDO, it must then also be taken to the relevant Embassy in the country for authentication.
This process could be lengthy and the embassy might request supporting documentation to issue their authentication. This includes more details about the applicant, the purpose for which the documents are being submitted, the ID of the person requesting authentication, and more. The type of additional documentation requested will also vary at different embassies, along with the timescales to process these requests.
Foreign Documents Used in the UK
Is the authentication process different for foreign documents needing to be used in the UK? The answer here is no, the process is the same (as mentioned above).
If the country of origin is a Hague Apostille Convention member, like the US, all you need to do is get apostilles from the Department of State and it can come directly to the UK and be used for commercial purposes — without the British High Commission verifying the documents.
For countries outside of the Hague Apostille Convention, once the apostille is obtained, it will need to be further authenticated by the British High Commission in that country before it can be used in the UK.
For instance, Jamaica isn’t a member of the Hague Apostille Convention. If the document originates in Jamaica, then it would have to go to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Foreign Trade in Jamaica and then the British embassy for authentication before being brought over to the UK for use.
Verifying for Seated Embassies in the Country of Origin
As you go through the process of authenticating documents, you must consider whether the embassy of the destination country is seated in the country of origin. While the UK is home to a significant number of embassies from around the world, if your documents originate in a smaller country, such as the Republic of Ireland, it may not contain the embassy you require for verification and authentication. In this case, you must identify which neighbouring countries have jurisdiction over the country of origin.
For example, what happens when a document originates in Denmark and needs to be used in Qatar? In this case, the nearest country with a Qatar embassy having jurisdiction over the Danish documents would be the Netherlands. The document would then have to be brought to the Netherlands for further authentication by the Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs before it can be taken to the Embassy of Qatar in The Hague, Netherlands.
British Overseas Territories and Crown Dependencies
Overseas territories, such as the Cayman Islands, are home to many offshore entities in need of having documents authenticated and used internationally. However, the Cayman Islands are small and known for not having enough seated embassies. If a document originates in the Cayman Islands, a Cayman apostille is to be obtained. It’s important to note that this isn’t valid internationally, but it is valid within the UK as the UK has jurisdiction over all British overseas territories. As such, the Cayman Islands documents can be brought to the UK, upon which they’re apostilled by the FCDO before being sent to the relevant embassy.
The UK also holds authority over Crown dependencies such as Jersey, Guernsey and the Isle of Man. Any document needing authentication arising from these Crown dependencies can be brought over to the UK directly (no local apostille needed) and be apostilled by the FCDO.
The Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) Countries
For documents originating in the UK and destined for Arab countries bordering the Gulf, with the exception of Kuwait, Qatar and the United Arab Emirates, there are additional steps for having them certified and legalised at the London Chamber of Commerce and Industry (LCCI) as well as the Arab-British Chamber of Commerce (ABCC).
The LCCI and the ABCC will only certify or legalise a document if they show the destination country where the document is intended for use. In addition, the embassy of the destination country may require a translation of the document submitted for authentication. For instance, the Libyan embassy requires that all processed documents are translated into Arabic. UAE may require the documents to be re-authenticated by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs upon entry in the country.
Since Kuwait, Qatar and the United Arab Emirates aren’t members of the Hague Apostille Convention, documents destined for these countries will first need to be certified and legalised by the LCCI and ABCC, followed by the validation and apostille issued by the FCDO. Finally, the documents will need to be brought to the relevant embassy for further authentication.
It’s clear there are a number of complexities involved when it comes to producing corporate documents issued in one country for use in another. If you’re curious to know more about the process for legalising documents around the world and the history of the Hague Apostille Convention, click the button below to download a recording of a webinar we recently ran on understanding what’s involved in legalising and authenticating documents that originate in different countries.
This article is provided for informational purposes only and should not be considered, or relied upon, as legal advice.
